Welcome to PICES
2008 Best Presentation Award Page
Beyond observations to achieving
understanding and forecasting in a changing North Pacific: Forward to the
FUTURE
Abstracts
Oral (S1-5392), Science Board Session
North Pacific decadal variability in the future
Emanuele Di Lorenzo1,
Jason Furtado1
and Niklas Schneider2
1
School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0340, USA
2
International Pacific Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa,
1680 East West Rd., Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
Recent studies show that decadal climate and ecosystem
variations in the North Pacific are largely explained by the first two
dominant modes of ocean-atmosphere co-variability evident in sea level
pressure and sea surface height. The first co-variability mode tracks
changes in the Aleutian Low and is associated in the ocean with the well
known Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The second mode tracks variability
in the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) – a dipole structure in sea
level pressure with low pressure over the Bering Sea and high pressure
north of Hawaii. The oceanic expression of the NPO is the recently identified
North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) – a decadal mode of climate
variability that reflects changes in strength of the central and eastern
branches of the subtropical gyre and of the Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension
(KOE). The NPGO is also linked to previously unexplained fluctuations
of salinity, nutrient and chlorophyll fluctuations in the Northeast Pacific.
Using a set of ten coupled climate models from the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) we (1) assess the degree of realism of
the IPCC models to reproduce the first two decadal modes of ocean-atmosphere
co-variability in the North Pacific during the twentieth century (1900-2000),
(2) explore how decadal variability is projected to change in future scenarios
(2001-2100) and (3) discuss strategies for downscaling and regional biophysical
model forecasts of climate change.
Oral (W2-5142), BIO Topic Workshop
Community structure, productivity
and photosynthetic physiology of phytoplankton in the Oyashio region of
the NW subarctic Pacific during spring 2007
Tomonori Isada1,
Ai Hattori1,
Koji Suzuki1,
Mitsuhide Sato2
and Ken Furuya2
1
Graduate School of Environmental Science and Faculty
of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West
5, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
2
Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University
of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8657, Japan
Despite large diatom blooms occurring in the Oyashio
region every spring, our knowledge of factors controlling primary productivity
in the region during that season remains incomplete. Therefore, we examined
the community structure, productivity and photosynthetic physiology of
phytoplankton at a station (42°N, 145°15’E) in the Oyashio
region during spring 2007. Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentrations
in surface waters were consistently high (2-36 mg m-3) and micro-sized
phytoplankton accounted for > 83% of the Chl-a levels during our cruise.
Diatoms contributed to the surface Chl-a concentrations by > 74%, and
the dominant, micro-sized diatoms changed from Thalassiosira
species to Chaetoceros species with time. Pico- and nano-sized
phytoplankton became significant in phytoplankton biomass in the latter
half of the cruise. Interestingly, these tiny cells sometimes showed discontinuous
distributions in the water column, indicating the intrusion of different
water masses into Oyashio waters. Depth-integrated daily primary production
within the euphotic layer ranged between 535 and 3584 mg C m-2 d-1. Although
sufficient macronutrients remained in surface waters throughout the study,
values of photosynthetic parameters such as Fv/Fm varied temporarily.
A non-iron-containing flavoprotein, flavodoxin, which is a diagnostic
marker for iron deficiency in situ, was detected in the micro-sized diatoms
throughout the cruise. The result indicates that the micro-sized diatoms
were stressed by low iron availability.
Poster (S9-5435), BIO Topic Session
How effective are Cassin’s auklets as environmental
monitors in Central California?
Peter Warzybok1,
Russell W. Bradley1,
Meredith L. Elliott1,
Benjamin L. Saenz1,2,
Nina J. Karnovsky3
and Jaime Jahncke1
1
PRBO Conservation Science, Marine Ecology Division,
3820 Cypress Dr., #11, Petaluma, CA, 94954, USA
2
Stanford University, Mitchell Earth Sciences Bldg., Rm. 403, 397
Panama Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
3
Pomona College, Department of Biology, 175 W 6th St. Claremont,
CA, 91771, USA
Cassin’s Auklets Ptychoramphus aleuticus are small
wing-propelled diving seabirds (Family: Alcidae) of the California Current
which forage on macrozooplankton, primarily large euphaussids. For 38
years, PRBO Conservation Science (formerly Point Reyes Bird Observatory)
has maintained a continuous annual time series on auklet demography and
diet on Southeast Farallon Island, CA, as part of long-term ecological
studies of breeding seabirds. During the past 3 years, auklets have suffered
unprecedented breeding failure and large declines in breeding population.
While it appears that timing of euphaussid availability may be the driving
mechanism, causality is still uncertain. There is a strong need to link
long-term colony-based studies of marine wildlife to their at-sea foraging
behavior to improve understanding of their potential use as monitors of
ecosystem status and ‘health’. Using a pilot study with Time
Depth Recorders (CEFAS Technology, UK), we examined Cassin’s Auklet
foraging behavior to investigate linkages between breeding biology and
foraging in the spring/summer of 2008. We assessed foraging effort, depth
and duration of diving, physical ocean conditions at foraging sites, and
diet of marked birds. We also assessed the effects of auklets carrying
TDRs, and dummy devices, by comparing reproductive performance and diet
of TDR birds to unmarked birds. TDR deployment was conducted simultaneously
with local oceanographic cruises to assess auklet and euphausiid abundance
and distribution, to sample physical ocean conditions, and to determine
abundance and species composition of zooplankton at predetermined locations.
Oral (FIS_P-5233), FIS Topic Session
Integrated method for sockeye salmon stock differentiation
in the West Pacific and the Sea of Okhotsk
Anastasia M. Khrustaleva
Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO),
17 V. Krasnoselskaya St., Moscow, 107140, Russia
Size structure and age-class composition were analyzed
for major sockeye salmon populations from the West Pacific and the Sea
of Okhotsk. Microsatellite DNA variation at six microsatellite loci was
examined in approximately 720 sockeye salmon sampled in 2003-2005 from
the nine stocks on the east and west coasts of Kamchatka, Chukotka, North
Kuril Islands, and west coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. A well-defined differentiation
of the sockeye salmon stocks by the size population structure (mean size
and weight of an individual) and mean frequencies of the year classes
was revealed. The differentiation could be associated with various time
of sea and freshwater periods of life of sockeye individuals from different
lakes and rivers. The microsatellite analysis showed well-defined genetic
differentiation among the local populations. Significant differences in
allele and genotype frequencies were found. The highest divergence was
observed between island populations (North Kuril Islands, Shumshu Island,
Bettobu Lake) and continental populations and could be caused by sockeye
salmon post-glacial recolonization of Asian habitats. Assignment test
of simulated mixed-stock samples showed that six highly polymorphic microsatellite
loci would enable relatively accurate individual identification. A new
method for sockeye salmon stock differentiation that integrates biological
and molecular genetic markers and multivariate statistics has been developed
to increase accuracy of sockeye population discrimination.
Poster (FIS-P-5016), FIS Topic Session
Distribution and biomass of Benthosema pterotum
(Pisces: Myctophidae) in the shelf region of the East China Sea: Mechanisms
of population maintenance
Chiyuki Sassa1,
Keisuke Yamamoto2,
Youichi Tsukamoto1
and Muneharu Tokimura1
1
Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries
Research Agency, 1551-8 Taira-machi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan
2
National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland
Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima
739-0452, Japan
Benthosema pterotum is a typical pseudoceanic
myctophid, widely distributed in the subtropical-tropical slope waters
of the Indo-West Pacific. In the East China Sea, they occur in a much
shallower shelf region (ca. 30–110 m depth), and undergo
a unique diel vertical migration, i.e., occurring in the epipelagic layer
at night, and shifting down to the benthopelagic layer during the daytime
to form dense aggregations. Therefore, they provide a major prey item
for commercially important demersal fishes such as hairtails, croakers,
and lizardfishes. Based on data from seasonal bottom trawl surveys during
the daytime, dense distributions (>105
individuals per km2)
of B.pterotum were mainly observed in the area south
of Cheju Island throughout the year, where a persistent cyclonic eddy
exists. In this area, the bottom sediments are mainly composed of mud,
which are resuspended by the strong tidal current producing waters of
high turbidity. Since little sunlight penetrates these depths, the dimly
lit conditions in the benthopelagic layer enable B.pterotum
to live in such a shallow area. In the area south of Cheju Island, their
larvae mainly occur during summer to autumn and are associated with an
eddy, which facilitates recruitment into this area. Assuming that (1)
the catch efficiency of the trawl is 0.2–0.4, and (2) daytime distribution
of B. pterotum is up to 10 m above the bottom, the biomass in
the area south of Cheju Island was estimated to range from 8,500 to 40,800
t.
Oral (S12-5158), MEQ Topic Session
Change
of ecosystem services of the Yellow River Delta Wetland, China
Shang Chen, Jian Liu, Tao Xia and Qixiang Wang
Research Center for Marine Ecology, First Institute of
Oceanography, SOA, 6 Xianxialing Rd., Qingdao, 266061, PR China
The Yellow River Delta Wetland (YRDW), a coastal reed
wetland located in the western Yellow Sea, provides 14 kinds of ecosystem
services belonging to 4 groups. Nine of these were evaluated in this study.
The YRDW provided ecosystem services worth 2,866 million CNY and 764,900
CNY per km2 in 2006. Among these services, food supply and climate regulation
ranked the highest at 633 million CNY each. Second were oxygen production
and wastewater purification at 596 and 558 million CNY, respectively.
Biodiversity maintenance and raw material supply were third at 230 and
131 million CNY, respectively. Leisure-entertainment, scientific services
and disturbance regulation were lowest at 35, 35 and 14 million CNY, respectively.
Based on the landscape changes of YRDW from 1992 to 2006, the ecosystem
services of YRDW in each year were valuated. The total service value of
the YRDW ecosystem was 2,585 million CNY in 1992, 2,136 million CNY in
1996, 2,353 million CNY in 2000, and 2,866 million CNY in 2006. Spatial
distribution maps of the YRDW show the service values of the YRDW ecosystem
increased in the direction from land to seawater; reed grasslands of 8
landscapes had the highest values of ecosystem services in the 4 single
years.
Poster (S5-5083), MEQ Topic Session
Spatial distribution of Perkinsus olseni
in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum along Chinese coast
Yubo Liang, Dongmei Li, Sa Liu, Xingbo Wang, Tao Song,
Xing Miao, Guanhua Chen and Guize Liu
National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, 42 Linghe St., Dalian,
116023, PR China
This is the first report of the spatial distribution
of Perkinsus olseni in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum
off the coast of China. Histological observations revealed Perkinsus-like
organisms in the mantle, gills, digestive tubules, and gonad. Hypnospore
formation of the Perkinsus-like organism was confirmed with Ray’s
fluid thioglycollate medium assay (RFTM). Genus- and species-specific
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and the DNA sequences of the internal
transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the Perkinsus sp. isolated
from the Manila clam were identical to Perkinsus olseni. Samples
were collected from 33 clam populations along the Chinese coast in Yellow
Sea, Bohai Sea, Eastern Sea and Southern China Sea, and the prevalence
and infection intensity was determined using RFTM and a 2M NaOH digestion
technique. The infection intensity averaged 466,532 Perkinsus
cells per gram of tissue for the whole coastal water areas, and was 567,659
Perkinsus cells/g tissue in the Bohai Sea; 165,671 Perkinsus
cells/g tissue in the Yellow Sea; 516,038 Perkinsus cells/g tissue
in the East Sea and 878,385 Perkinsus cells/g tissue in the South
China Sea, while the prevalence of Perkinsus ranged from 5.0
to 100.0%.
Invited (W3-5050), MONITOR Topic
Workshop
Japanese IPY activities in the western Arctic
Ocean and the Bering Sea
Kohei Mizobata1,
Koji Shimada1,
Sei-ichi Saitoh2,
Toru Hirawake2
and Masahiro Hori3
1
Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine
Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Kounan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477,
Japan
2
Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1
Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
3
Earth Observation Research Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration
Agency, 2-1-1, Sengen, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki, 305-8505, Japan
The Japanese IPY hydrographic surveys were conducted
in the western Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea. Observational results describe
warming trend and changes in spatial distributions of salinity and nutrients.
We will discuss the impacts of sea ice reduction on the marine ecosystem
in both seas.
Oral (W3-5288), MONITOR Topic Workshop
Study of polynya processes in the Bearing Sea
using a high resolution dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model
Hongli Fu, Jinping Zhao and Jie Su
Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Ocean University
of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
The circumpolar polynyas are of vital importance for
ice production and feedback processes in the atmosphere-ice-ocean system.
Thus, they play a crucial role in the Arctic climate as well as the global
ocean circulation. A high-resolution dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model
with a horizontal resolution of 5 km has been implemented to investigate
polynya processes in the Bering Sea. The model has the same dynamical
and thermodynamic process as the Los Alamos National Laboratory CICE model.
The data set of Large and Yeager (2004) was used to drive the model. The
model performed well in predicting the current polynya conditions in the
Bering Sea compared with satellite data and theoretical calculations.
The sea-ice concentration in the region of the polynyas is very small,
even less than 0.1%. Through appropriately selecting a threshold value
of the ice thickness, we calculate the area of every polynya along with
their time evolution. The factors of polynya formation are analyzed through
sensitivity experiments. Based on these analyses, polynya formation mechanisms
are discussed. Our model results suggest that it is possible that polynyas
can be represented in future synoptic and climate prediction systems.
Oral (POC-P-5217), POC Topic Session
An N-shape thermal front in the western South
Yellow Sea in winter
Chuanyu Liu1,2
and Fan Wang1
1
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
266071, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao, PR China
2
Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100039, 19 Yuquan
Rd., Beijing, PR China
An N-shape sea surface thermal front in the western South
Yellow Sea from late October through early March is reported in the present
paper based on the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiation (AVHRR) sea
surface temperature (SST) data. The front is composed of west and east
wings along the northeast-southwestward isobaths with an isobath-crossing
middle segment in between. After the front’s generation, the orientation
of the middle segment rotates from West-East (W-E) in early November through
early December to Northwest-Southeast (NW-SE) in late December through
late February, which always crosses the isobaths. Going with the direction
of change, this front expands and moves southwestward. Both the surface
waters of the colder coastal current and bottom intensified Yellow Sea
Warm Current (YSWC) affect the SST distribution through strong advection
and vertical mixing, inducing a departure of the front line from the bathymetry.
The colder coastal current penetrates into the warmer water modified by
the northwestward branch of the YSWC. The N-shape front forms along the
borders between the warmer and colder waters. This mechanism is proved
primarily by simulation results from the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) with
a tide module. Intraseasonal and interannual variations of the front show
a close relationship to the wind which is favorable to both the coastal
current and the YSWC.
Poster (POC-P-5314), POC Topic Session
The 1000 km-scale variability of the dynamic height
revealed by Argo CTD data at 40ºN in the North Pacific
Masatoshi Sato1
and Tokihiro Kono2
1
Unified Graduate School of Earth and Environmental Science,
Tokai University, Minamisawa, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
2
Department of Marine Biology and Sciences, School of Biological
Science and Engineering, Tokai University, Minamisawa, Sapporo, Hokkaido,
Japan
We analyzed spatial and temporal variability of dynamic
height referred to 1000 db and estimated using Argo CTD data every two
months from September 2005 to October 2007, with a resolution about 900
km. The local variation in the dynamic height was strong in the Oyashio
Extension, off the California coast, and along the Aleutian Islands. In
each dynamic-height map, high and low anomalies are seen in rows along
the latitudes with wavelengths of about 1000 km in the Oyashio Extension
and off the California coast. To clarify the structure of these waves,
we separated the variation into wavenumber components greater and less
than 0.2×10-3km-1
along the parallel of 40ºN. The higher wavenumber components were
dominated by the signals of 0.73-1.25×10-3km-1,
whose amplitudes were large west of 170ºW and east of 140ºW,
and small between 170ºW and 140ºW. These high-amplitude signals
propagated westward with a phase speed of -1.9 cms-1,
which is almost similar to that of Rossby waves from the linear theory.
Similar wavenumber signals and their westward propagation were also clearly
seen west of 170ºW in SSH maps of the satellite altimetry (Chelton
and Schlax, 1996). East of 140ºW the signals were obscure. This suggests
that the SSH cannot always vary coherently with the upper layer thickness
in the subarctic.
Oral (S2-5001), TCODE Topic Session
Upper
ocean export of particulate organic carbon in the Bering Sea estimated
from thorium-234
Hao Ma1,2,
Mingduan Yin1,
Liqi Chen1,
Jianhua He1,
Wen Yu1,2
and Shi Zeng2
1
Key laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric
Chemistry, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration,
Xiamen, 361005, PR China
2
Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing,
100084, PR China
During the Second Chinese National Arctic Expedition
from July to September 2003, depth profiles of dissolved and particulate
234Th
in upper water columns were collected at two stations in the Bering Sea
and another one station on the northern mouth of the Bering Strait. Thorium-234
was sampled by using a traditional Fe(OH)3
co-precipitation technique, which is a reliable approach to 234Th
measurement. We observed 234Th
excess at one station below the euphotic zone, which is possibly due to
intensive remineralization of particulate matter. Particulate organic
carbon (POC) was estimated from a one-dimensional irreversible steady
state model of 234Th
fluxes together with measurements of the POC/234Th
ratio on the suspended particles. The POC export from the euphotic zone
varied between 15.39 and 23.38 mmol C m-2
d-1.
In comparison with observations of other seas, our results suggest that
the biological pump would run effectively in summer in the Bering Sea,
sub-arctic Pacific Ocean.
Poster (S2-5209), TCODE Topic Session
Behavior
of a low salinity water mass during summer in the South Sea of Korea using
in-situ observations
Ocean Research Division, Nat’l Fisheries Research
& Development Institute, 408-1 Shirang-Ri, Gijang-Gun, Busan,
619-902, R Korea
2
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, 6-1
Kasuga-Kouen, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
A low salinity water mass (LSWM) <28 psu originated
by Changjian Diluted Water frequently approaches Jeju Island and the South
Sea of Korea during summer. This LSWM occasionally flows into the East/Japan
Sea through Korea Strait and damages coastal fishing grounds and farms
around Jeju Island. The National Fisheries Research and Development Institute
(NFRDI) has conducted serial oceanographic investigations in the northern
East China Sea since 1995 and the South Sea of Korea since 1961. NFRDI
also operates a real-time observation system, which continuously measures
surface temperature and salinity across Jeju Strait using an instrumented
ferryboat since 2006. Temperature and salinity sensors also are moored
at fisheries set-nets around Jeju Island and Korea Strait by Kyushu University
(KU) since 2004. NFRDI and KU deployed 7 satellite-tracked surface drift
buoys around the northern East China Sea in August 2007. These observations
show the behavior of LSWM around Jeju Island and the South Sea of Korea
in summer. From results in 2006 and 2007, LSWM, which appeared about 175
km west of Jeju Island, approached the west coast of Jeju Island about
8-9 days later. Then, it flowed into the East/Japan Sea through Jeju Strait
about 10-12 days later. Salinity concentration in the LSWM continuously
increased from ~25 psu west of Jeju Island to ~32 psu at Korea Strait,
and its drift velocity was usually ~20-30 cm/s northeastward. This information
will aid prediction of the behavior of LSWM around the South Sea of Korea.
Oral (S7-5283), CCCC Topic Session
Ensemble
adjustment Kalman filter study for Argo data
Xunqiang, Yin, Fangli Qiao, Yongzeng Yang and Changshui
Xia
First Institute of Oceanography, 6 Xian-Xia-Ling Rd., Qingdao, 266061,
PR China
An ensemble adjustment Kalman filter system is developed
to assimilate Argo data into the North-West Pacific MASNUM wave-circulation
coupled model which is based on the Princeton Ocean Model (POM). This
model was recoded in FORTRAN-90 style and some new data types were defined
to improve the efficiency of system designing and execution. This system
is arranged for parallel computing by using UNIX shell scripts, and is
easier for a single model running separately with the required information
exchanged through input/output files.
Two experiments are carried out to check the performance
of the system: one assimilates the simulated ‘Argo’ data and
the other one assimilates the real Argo data in 2005. The first experiment
shows that the assimilation system performs well. The comparison with
the satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) shows that modeled
SST errors are reduced after assimilating; at the same time, the spatial
correlation between the simulated SST anomalies and the satellite data
is improved because of Argo assimilation. Furthermore, the temporal evolution/trend
of SST becomes much better than those results without data assimilation.
All these results suggest that this system is potentially capable of reconstructing
oceanic data sets which are of high quality, and temporally and spatially
continuous.
Poster (S7-5170), CCCC Topic Session
Toward a data-assimilation system for marginal
seas in the SEA-WP region
Yasumasa Miyazawa1,2,
Yoshikazu Sasai1
and Kazuo Nadaoka2
1
Frontier Research Center for Global Change, JAMSTEC,
Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0001, Japan
2
Graduate School of Information Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute
of Technology, O-okayama Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
The South East Asia and West Pacific (SEA-WP) region
is a significant reservoir of the world’s richest marine biodiversity,
but is deteriorating in its coastal ecosystems owing to various environmental
threats. To provide a proper conservation strategy, we have started a
study that aims at clarifying regional reef connectivity in the SEA-WP
region and thereby identifying important candidate areas to be properly
managed as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), on the basis of numerical simulations
on larval dispersal, molecular biological analysis on meta-population
dynamics and others. To provide realistic ocean currents for the simulation
of larval dispersal, we have developed high-resolution ocean general circulation
models in the SEA-WP region. The data assimilation has potentials for
farther improvement of the model skills by combination of both the model
and observation. Since the SEA-WP region includes shallow marginal-seas,
it is important to modify the traditional data assimilation technique
that has been developed mainly for use in deep open ocean. We conducted
sensitivity experiments of adjustable parameters included in a data assimilation
system, JCOPE2 (Miyazawa et al., 2008), in the marginal sea (the East
China Sea) and open ocean (Kuroshio Extension and Kuroshio-Oyashio Mixed
Water region). We found that the assimilation of sea surface height anomaly
is effective in the Kuroshio Extension but not so in the East China Sea.
We also found that use of sea surface temperature is useful in the East
China Sea.
Publications
marked PDF can be viewed and or printed using the Adobe
Acrobat Reader®